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                      🏗️ Introduction

Mining is one of the riskiest industries due to hazards like explosions, fires, dust, and heavy machinery. To prevent accidents, mines must follow a systematic risk management process. In the DGMS exam, Risk Management is a frequent topic. Questions often cover WRAC (Workplace Risk Assessment & Control) and JSA (Job Safety Analysis). This blog explains concepts, case examples, and exam points in simple language.

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🔹 What is Risk Management?

• Definition: A structured process of identifying hazards, assessing risks, and applying controls to eliminate or reduce them.
• Steps:
1. Identify hazards.
2. Assess risk (likelihood × consequence).
3. Apply control measures (engineering, administrative, PPE).
4. Monitor & review.

📌 Example: In underground coal mines → methane is a hazard. Risk management ensures gas monitoring + ventilation + flameproof equipment.

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🔹 WRAC – Workplace Risk Assessment & Control

• Method used to rate hazards in workplace.
• Risks ranked as: Low, Medium, High, or Extreme.
• Formula: Risk = Likelihood × Consequence.
• Example in mining:
• Haul road accident → High consequence + Medium likelihood = High risk.
• Small cut in workshop → Low consequence + Low likelihood = Low risk.

DGMS exam focus:

• WRAC charts often asked.
• Key idea = Prioritize resources on High/Extreme risks first.

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🔹 JSA – Job Safety Analysis

• Method for analyzing each step of a job.
• Process:
1. Select a job (e.g., blasting, welding, loading).
2. Break job into steps.
3. Identify hazards in each step.
4. Apply safe methods.

📌 Example: Blasting in opencast mine – hazards include misfire, fly rock, premature ignition → controls = safe charging, stemming, blasting shelter. 

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🔹 Case Study Example – Haul Truck Accident in Opencast Mine

• Incident: A large dumper overturned on a curve due to overspeeding & poor berms.
• WRAC Result: Risk rated as High (likely recurrence + serious injury).
• JSA Control:
• Reduce speed limit.
• Train operators.
• Maintain haul roads & berms.
• Lesson: Both WRAC & JSA together improve safety culture.

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🔹Quick One-Liners (DGMS Revision)

1. Risk Management = Hazard identification + control.
2. WRAC = Workplace Risk Assessment & Control.
3. Risk = Likelihood × Consequence.
4. JSA = Job Safety Analysis, stepwise safety study.
5. WRAC ranks → Low, Medium, High, Extreme.
6. JSA applied in blasting, welding, loading.
7. DGMS stresses on proactive risk management.
8. Case study → Haul truck accidents common risk.
9. PPE = last control measure.
10. Main aim = accident prevention.

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Practice MCQs – Risk Management (25 Questions) 

 Q1. Risk Management means:
A) Accident investigation only
B) Hazard identification + control
C) Production planning
D) Wage monitoring
E) None
Answer: B
Solution: Risk management prevents accidents by hazard control.

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Q2. WRAC stands for:
A) Workplace Risk Assessment & Control
B) Worksite Report & Compliance
C) Worker Risk Advisory Council
D) Workplace Rule Action Code
E) None
Answer: A
Solution: WRAC = Workplace Risk Assessment & Control.

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Q3. Risk formula is:
A) Consequence ÷ Likelihood
B) Likelihood × Consequence
C) Consequence + Frequency
D) Probability ÷ Severity
E) None
Answer: B
Solution: Risk = Likelihood × Consequence.

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Q4. Which of the following is a High risk activity?
A) Office paperwork
B) Haul truck operation in OC mine
C) Storekeeping
D) Mess duty
E) None
Answer: B
Solution: Dumper operation = high risk.

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Q5. JSA is:
A) Job Safety Analysis
B) Joint Safety Audit
C) Job Survey Assessment
D) Job Statutory Act
E) None
Answer: A
Solution: JSA = Job Safety Analysis.

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Q6. First step in JSA is:
A) Hazard removal
B) Select the job
C) Install equipment
D) Write SOP
E) None
Answer: B
Solution: Start by selecting a job.

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Q7. Risk rated as “Extreme” means:
A) Immediate action needed
B) Can be ignored
C) Acceptable always
D) Low probability only
E) None
Answer: A
Solution: Extreme = must be controlled immediately.

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Q8. DGMS promotes WRAC because:
A) Increases productivity
B) Proactive safety approach
C) Reduces wages
D) Cuts manpower
E) None
Answer: B
Solution: WRAC = proactive safety.

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Q9. Example of JSA in mines is:
A) Blasting job analysis
B) Worker wage audit
C) Monthly bonus plan
D) Ventilation survey
E) None
Answer: A
Solution: JSA applied in blasting.

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Q10. PPE in risk management is considered:
A) Primary control
B) Last line of defense
C) Not required
D) Substitute for training
E) None
Answer: B
Solution: PPE = last protection.

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Q11. WRAC ranks risks as:
A) Safe, Unsafe, Acceptable
B) Low, Medium, High, Extreme
C) Primary, Secondary, Final
D) Immediate, Delayed, Ignored
E) None
Answer: B
Solution: Risk ranking system.

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Q12. Example of High consequence hazard is:
A) Minor cut
B) Methane explosion
C) Noise exposure
D) Dust exposure only
E) None
Answer: B
Solution: Explosion = severe consequence.

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Q13. Which is NOT a risk control measure?
A) Elimination
B) Substitution
C) Ventilation
D) Bonus distribution
E) None
Answer: D
Solution: Bonus is not risk control.

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Q14. WRAC helps in:
A) Prioritizing safety resources
B) Counting wages
C) Scheduling shifts
D) Coal sales
E) None
Answer: A
Solution: Focus on highest risks.

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Q15. JSA breaks job into:
A) Shifts
B) Small steps
C) Annual goals
D) Sections of mine
E) None
Answer: B
Solution: JSA analyzes job steps.

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Q16. Risk control hierarchy starts with:

A) Elimination
B) PPE
C) Training
D) Warning signs
E) None
Answer: A
Solution: Elimination = top priority.

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Q17. Which accident highlighted need for risk management?
A) Chasnala 1975
B) Bhopal Gas
C) Both
D) None
E) All
Answer: C
Solution: Both disasters show poor risk control.

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Q18. WRAC charts are used in:
A) DGMS inspections
B) Production reports
C) Coal sales
D) Manager’s salary
E) None
Answer: A
Solution: Inspectors check WRAC charts.

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Q19. Main benefit of JSA is:
A) Identifies hazards stepwise
B) Improves coal price
C) Cuts manpower
D) Fixes overtime
E) None
Answer: A
Solution: JSA = stepwise safety.

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Q20. Dust exposure hazard control is:
A) PPE mask
B) Water spray
C) Ventilation
D) All of the above
E) None
Answer: D
Solution: All are controls.

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Q21. A low likelihood but high consequence event is classified as:
A) Low
B) Medium
C) High
D) Extreme
E) None
Answer: C
Solution: High consequence lifts risk.

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Q22. DGMS requires JSA records for:
A) Training verification
B) Safety audits
C) Risk prevention evidence
D) All of the above
E) None
Answer: D
Solution: JSA records show compliance.

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Q23. If hazard cannot be eliminated, next step is:
A) Substitution or control measures
B) Ignore
C) Wait
D) Report to union only
E) None
Answer: A
Solution: Hierarchy of control.

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Q24. WRAC full form frequently asked in DGMS exam is:
A) Workplace Risk Assessment & Control
B) Worksite Rescue Audit Compliance
C) Worker Rights Assessment Chart
D) Work Rules Approval Committee
E) None
Answer: A
Solution: Correct full form.

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Q25. Final responsibility of risk management in mine is on:
A) Workers
B) DGMS
C) Mine Manager
D) Union
E) None
Answer: C
Solution: Statutory head = Manager.

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🏁 Conclusion Risk Management through WRAC & JSA ensures that hazards are identified and controlled before accidents occur. For DGMS exams, remember definitions, formulas, and case examples.

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