Joints running parallel to hinge lines are called ___________ a) Hinge joints
b) Radial joints
c) Bedding joints
d) Oblique joints
e) None of these
Answer: a) Hinge joints
Solution: Hinge joints form parallel to the hinge lines of folds.
In which rock, joints may be classified on the basis of their lineation? a) Sedimentary
b) Igneous
c) Metamorphic
d) Igneous and metamorphic
e) None of these
Answer: d) Igneous and metamorphic
Solution: Lineation commonly develops in igneous & metamorphic rocks, hence joint classification is based on it.
Joints traverse linear structure at right angles in which type? a) Q joints
b) S joints
c) B joints
d) T joints
e) None of these
Answer: d) T joints
Solution: T-joints (transverse joints) cut linear structure at right angles.
Which are the joints parallel to linear structure? a) Cross joints
b) Longitudinal joints
c) Alternate joints
d) Q joints
e) None of these
Answer: b) Longitudinal joints
Solution: Longitudinal joints run parallel to the principal linear structure of rocks.
The joints developed due to tensile forces are ___________ a) Tensile joints
b) Compressive joints
c) Shear joints
d) No particular name
e) None of these
Answer: a) Tensile joints
Solution: When rocks undergo tension, cracks develop forming tensile joints.
The type of joint occurring in igneous rocks during cooling is ___________ a) Shear joints
b) Tensile joints
c) Compression joints
d) Bend joints
e) None of these
Answer: b) Tensile joints
Solution: Cooling → contraction → tension → formation of tensile joints (e.g., columnar joints).
Which joints are located in axial regions in folded rocks? a) Tension joints
b) Compression joints
c) Shear joints
d) T joints
e) None of these
Answer: b) Compression joints
Solution: Axial zones of folds undergo maximum compression → compression joints develop.
The joints that are caused due to compressive forces are called ___________ a) T joints
b) C joints
c) Longitudinal joints
d) Compression joints
e) None of these
Answer: d) Compression joints
Solution: Compression joints result when rocks are squeezed by compressive stress.
Compression joints usually occur in which part of fault? a) Crust
b) Mantle
c) Core
d) Margins
e) None of these
Answer: d) Margins
Solution: Fault margins experience highest compression, thus compression joints form near boundaries.
Joints are not common and are very easy structures to study in rocks. a) True
b) False
c) Sometimes
d) Rarely
e) None of these
Answer: b) False
Solution: Joints are very common geological structures and are not always easy to study due to variability.
The classification which is not considered under study is ___________ a) Spatial relationship
b) Number of joints
c) Geometry
d) Genesis
e) None of these
Answer: b) Number of joints
Solution: Joints are classified by geometry, genesis & spatial relationships, but not by number.
The type of joint which can be measured and mapped easily is ___________ a) Systematic joints
b) Non-systematic joints
c) Irregular joints
d) Homogenous joints
e) None of these
Answer: a) Systematic joints
Solution: Systematic joints are regular, continuous and well-defined, hence easy to measure and map.
Example of systematic joints are ___________ a) Columnar joints
b) Mural joints
c) Sheet joints
d) Columnar and mural joints
e) None of these
Answer: d) Columnar and mural joints
Solution: Columnar and mural joints show regular patterns, hence are systematic.
How many groups are classified based on the presence of regularities? a) 2
b) 3
c) 5
d) 4
e) None of these
Answer: b) 3
Solution: Based on regularity, joints are classified into systematic, non-systematic & master joints (3 groups).
Which type of rocks are classified based on geometry? a) Pseudo-stratified
b) Stratified
c) Non-stratified
d) Anisotropic
e) None of these
Answer: b) Stratified
Solution: Stratified (layered) rocks allow geometric classification like strike, dip, oblique etc.
How many types are further classified based on geometry? a) 2
b) 4
c) 3
d) 5
e) None of these
Answer: c) 3
Solution: Based on geometry, joints are grouped into strike, dip & diagonal/oblique.
The type of joint not studied under the geometry as basis is ___________ a) Strike joints
b) Dip joints
c) Hade joints
d) Oblique joints
e) None of these
Answer: c) Hade joints
Solution: Hade is used mainly in faults, not in geometric classification of joints.
What is the other name for diagonal joints? a) Dip joints
b) Strike joints
c) Sheet joints
d) Oblique joints
e) None of these
Answer: d) Oblique joints
Solution: Diagonal joints cut layers obliquely and are termed oblique joints.
Joints parallel to bedding planes are called ___________ a) Strike joints
b) Bedding joints
c) Dip joints
d) Oblique joints
e) None of these
Answer: b) Bedding joints
Solution: Bedding joints occur parallel to the bedding/stratification planes.
Non-systematic joints occur at random in the rocks. a) True
b) False
c) Sometimes
d) Rarely
e) None of these
Answer: a) True
Solution: Non-systematic joints lack pattern and occur randomly without regular spacing.
Joints running parallel to hinge lines are called ___________ a) Hinge joints
b) Radial joints
c) Bedding joints
d) Oblique joints
Answer: a) Hinge joints
Solution: Hinge joints form parallel to fold hinge lines in folded structures.
In which rock, joints may be classified on the basis of their lineation? a) Sedimentary
b) Igneous
c) Metamorphic
d) Igneous and metamorphic
Answer: d) Igneous and metamorphic Solution: Lineation is commonly found in igneous & metamorphic rocks, so joints are classified accordingly.
Joints traverse linear structure right angles in which type? a) Q joints
b) S joints
c) B joints
d) T joints
Answer: d) T joints Solution: T-joints develop perpendicular to the linear structure.
Which are the joints parallel to linear structure? a) Cross joints
b) Longitudinal joints
c) Alternate joints
d) Q joints
Answer: b) Longitudinal joints Solution: Longitudinal joints run parallel to the direction of lineation.
The joints developed due to tensile forces are ___________ a) Tensile joints
b) Compressive joints
c) Shear joints
d) No particular name
Answer: a) Tensile joints Solution: Tensile joints form when rocks are subjected to tension (pull-apart forces).
The type of joint occurring in igneous rocks during cooling is ___________ a) Shear joints
b) Tensile joints
c) Compression joints
d) Bend joints
Answer: b) Tensile joints Solution: Cooling causes contraction → generates tension → tensile/cooling joints.
Which joints are located in axial regions in the folded rocks? a) Tension joints
b) Compression joints
c) Shear joints
d) T joints
Answer: b) Compression joints Solution: Axial regions undergo high compressive stresses, producing compression joints.
The joints that are caused due to compressive forces are called as ___________ a) T joints
b) C joints
c) Longitudinal joints
d) Compression joints
Answer: d) Compression joints Solution: These joints are the direct result of compressive stresses in rock masses.
Compression joints usually occur in which part of fault? a) Crust
b) Mantle
c) Core
d) Margins
Answer: d) Margins Solution: Fault margins experience highest compression → leading to compression joint formation.
Joints are not common and are very easy structures to study in rocks. a) True
b) False
Answer: b) False Solution: Joints are very common but difficult to study due to irregularity and multiple origins.
What is responsible for jointing of rocks? a) Genesis
b) Forces acting on the rock
c) Genesis and various forces acting on the rock
d) Precipitation
Answer: c) Genesis and various forces acting on the rock
Solution: Joint formation depends on origin (genesis) and stresses like tension, compression & shear.
Fractures along which there has been no relative displacement is called? a) Faults
b) Joints
c) Folds
d) Intrusions
Answer: b) Joints Solution: A fracture without displacement is a joint; with displacement, it becomes a fault.
Joint is always accompanied by opening. a) True
b) False
Answer: b) False Solution: Some joints remain tightly closed and do not show visible opening.
The open joints are gradually enlarged due to ___________ a) Rains
b) Winds
c) Weathering
d) Sunlight
Answer: c) Weathering Solution: Weathering widens open joints by chemical and physical processes.
The type of joint usually found is ___________ a) Open joints
b) Close joints
c) Open and close joints
d) Faulted joints
Answer: c) Open and close joints Solution: Both open (visible gaps) and closed joints occur frequently in rocks.
When the joints are prominent and extending for considerable depth they are called ___________ a) Continuous joints
b) Discontinuous joints
c) Deep joints
d) Prominent joints
Answer: a) Continuous joints Solution: Continuous joints extend long and deep across rock masses.
What are the continuous joints also called? a) Uniform joints
b) Normal joints
c) Prime joints
d) Master joints
Answer: d) Master joints Solution: Continuous/major joints are known as master joints in geology.
The streaks or bands filling material in the rocks are called ___________ a) Colour pigments
b) Resins
c) Veins
d) Pores
Answer: c) Veins Solution: Veins occur when minerals fill fractures or joints, forming streaks or bands.
When the thickness is greater than 20 cm, the veins are called ___________ a) Thick veins
b) Fissure veins
c) Joint veins
d) Broad veins
Answer: b) Fissure veins Solution: Veins thicker than 20 cm are categorized as fissure veins.
Joints do not have dip and strike. a) False
b) True
Answer: a) False Solution: Joints are planar features and always exhibit dip and strike orientation.
Pick the wrong statement. a) A joint set is a group of joint surfaces
b) The surfaces trend in same direction
c) The surfaces have almost same dip
d) The joint surfaces do not trend in same direction
Answer: d) The joint surfaces do not trend in same direction Solution: Joint sets have surfaces trending in similar direction and dipping alike.
Group of joint sets are called ___________ a) Joint system
b) Joint group
c) Joint class
d) Joint collection
Answer: a) Joint system Solution: Two or more joint sets together form a joint system.
Tensile stresses in igneous rocks are developed during ___________ a) Cooling
b) Crystallisation
c) Cooling and crystallisation
d) Molten state
Answer: c) Cooling and crystallisation
Solution: Contraction due to cooling and crystallisation produces tensile stresses in igneous rocks.
The type of regular joint not belonging to igneous rocks is? a) Sheet jointing
b) Box jointing
c) Mural jointing
d) Columnar jointing
Answer: c) Mural jointing Solution: Mural joints occur mainly in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, not igneous.
Which jointing gives layered sedimentary structure appearance? a) Sheet jointing
b) Mural jointing
c) Box jointing
d) Columnar jointing
Answer: a) Sheet jointing Solution: Sheet joints form parallel layers that look like stratified sedimentary rocks.
Sheet joints are caused not due to ___________ a) Consequence of loading
b) Weathering
c) Removal of overlying rock mass
d) Consequence of unloading
Answer: a) Consequence of loading Solution: Sheet joints form due to unloading & weathering, not due to increased loading.
The geometrical distribution where rock mass is divided into cubes is ___________ a) Sheet jointing
b) Mural jointing
c) Columnar jointing
d) Radial jointing
Answer: b) Mural jointing Solution: Mural joints intersect at right angles, dividing rocks into block/cube-like structures.
Types of joint found in volcanic igneous rocks are? a) Sheet joints
b) Mural joints
c) Columnar joints
d) Radial joints
Answer: c) Columnar joints Solution: Volcanic cooling produces columnar joints (typically hexagonal) seen in basalts.
Columnar joints are also called ___________ a) Radial joints
b) Pyramid joints
c) Prismatic joints
d) Box joints
Answer: c) Prismatic joints Solution: Columnar joints form polygonal prisms, hence called prismatic.
How are the main joints aligned to the cooling surface? a) Perpendicular
b) Parallel
c) At 45°
d) At 30°
Answer: a) Perpendicular Solution: Cooling stress forms joints perpendicular to the cooling surface.
How and what are the polygonal cracks related to? a) Directly related to compressive forces
b) Directly related to tensile forces
c) Inversely related to tensile forces
d) Directly related to shearing forces
Answer: b) Directly related to tensile forces Solution: Polygonal cracks form due to shrinkage under tensile stress.
The contraction is equally developed in all directions in which kind of mass? a) Non-homogenous
b) Isotropic
c) Anisotropic
d) Homogenous
Answer: b) Isotropic Solution: In isotropic rocks contraction occurs uniformly, forming equal polygonal patterns.
At what angle do the fractures appear to the lines of tensile stresses? a) 180°
b) 90°
c) 45°
d) 60°
Answer: b) 90° Solution: Tensile fractures develop perpendicular (90°) to the direction of applied tension.
In sedimentary rocks, joints are genetically related to those forces that have caused the major structural deformation. a) True
b) False
Answer: a) True Solution: Joints in sedimentary rocks relate to tectonic forces responsible for deformation.
Joints in metamorphic rocks are due to ___________ a) Indirect stresses
b) Local stresses
c) Regional stresses
d) Local and regional stresses
Answer: d) Local and regional stresses Solution: Metamorphism involves both local and large-scale (regional) stresses.
In mural jointing, one set is horizontal and two sets are vertical. a) True
b) False
Answer: a) True Solution: Mural joints form three-directional sets — 1 horizontal + 2 vertical forming cube-like blocks.
The nature of sedimentary rock that can undergo some irregular jointing is ___________ a) Plastic in nature
b) Non-plastic in nature
c) Rich in moisture
d) Plastic in nature and rich in moisture
Answer: d) Plastic in nature and rich in moisture
Solution: Moist, plastic sedimentary rocks deform irregularly during stress → irregular joints form.
Contraction or shrinkage is the cause of which joints? a) Radial joints
b) Vertical joints
c) Sheet joints
d) Mural joints
Answer: a) Radial joints Solution: Shrinkage due to cooling produces radial joints, often in igneous bodies.
A single theory is enough to explain origin of all types of joints. a) True
b) False
Answer: b) False Solution: Joint formation varies — tension, compression, cooling, uplift etc., so no single theory fits all.
The wide range of temperature which vary in arid climate is ___________ a) -10° to 100° C
b) 10° to 80° C
c) -50° to 60° C
d) 50° to 60° C
Answer: a) -10° to 100° C Solution: Extreme temperature cycles in arid zones cause expansion/contraction → jointing.
Removal of overburden causes ___________ a) Expansion
b) Contraction
c) Shrinkage
d) Rise
Answer: a) Expansion Solution: Unloading allows rock to expand → sheet joints develop.
Sheet joints in sedimentary rocks are attributed to ___________ a) Erosional loading
b) Erosional unloading
c) Weathering loading
d) Weathering unloading
Answer: b) Erosional unloading Solution: Removal of overburden results in stress release → sheet joints form parallel to surface.
What kind of impact do the joints have on activities of engineering? a) Positive
b) Negative
c) No impact
d) Positive and negative
Answer: d) Positive and negative Solution: Joints may cause instability (negative) and also increase permeability & mineralisation (positive).
What is/are related to jointed rocks? a) Earthquakes
b) Landslides
c) Slope failures
d) Landslides and slope failures
Answer: d) Landslides and slope failures Solution: Jointed rock masses weaken slopes → triggers landslides & failures.
First step of treatment of joints is ___________ a) Grouting
b) Filling with chemicals
c) Detailed investigation
d) Installing devices
Answer: c) Detailed investigation Solution: Joint orientation, spacing & width must be studied before treatment.
What has to be located during an investigation with great care? a) Macro joints
b) Fissures
c) Micro joints
d) Macro joints and micro joints
Answer: d) Macro joints and micro joints Solution: All joint scales influence stability & permeability → both must be identified.
What is a positive effect of joints? a) Instability in slopes
b) Groundwater
c) Oil reserves
d) Groundwater and oil reserves
Answer: d) Groundwater and oil reserves Solution: Joints act as storage & migration pathways for fluids like groundwater & oil.
Mineralisation takes place in jointed rocks. a) True
b) False
Answer: a) True Solution: Joints provide channels for mineral-bearing fluids → forming veins.
The type of fold in which the limbs dip away from each other at the crest is ______________ a) Anticline
b) Syncline
c) Countercline
d) Doesn’t exist
Answer: a) Anticline
Solution: In anticlines, limbs dip away from the crest and older rocks appear at the core.
The fold which is convex downwards is ___________ a) Anticline
b) Syncline
c) U-cline
d) Crestcline
Answer: b) Syncline Solution: Syncline curves downwards like a "U" and younger rocks occupy the centre.
Which of the following is not true about Anticline? a) The strata are uparched
b) Geologically older rocks occupy interior of the fold
c) The limbs dip away from each other at the crest
d) They are convex downwards
Answer: d) They are convex downwards Solution: Anticlines are convex upwards, not downwards (downwards is syncline).
What is the other name for upright fold? a) Symmetrical fold
b) Asymmetrical fold
c) Overturned fold
d) Isoclinal fold
Answer: a) Symmetrical fold Solution: In upright folds both limbs dip equally in opposite directions → symmetrical.
Fold in which the limbs lie exactly one over another? a) Isoclinal
b) Symmetrical
c) Recumbent
d) Asymmetrical
Answer: a) Isoclinal Solution: In isoclinal folds limbs run parallel and nearly overlap.
Which of the following is also an overturned fold? a) Isoclinal fold
b) Symmetrical fold
c) Asymmetrical fold
d) Recumbent fold
Answer: d) Recumbent fold Solution: A recumbent fold is an extremely overturned fold with nearly horizontal axial plane.
Fold with flattened top is ___________ a) Square fold
b) Plateau fold
c) Box fold
d) Conjugate fold
Answer: c) Box fold Solution: Box folds have flat tops and steep sides resembling a rectangular or box-shape.
The type of fold in which fold angle is between 10° to 90°? a) Tight fold
b) Loose fold
c) Gentle fold
d) Acute fold
Answer: b) Loose fold Solution: Loose folds have interlimb angle 10°–90°; gentle folds have >180°.
Which of the following is not a type of fold based on behaviour with depth? a) Concentric fold
b) Similar fold
c) Supratenuous fold
d) Asymmetrical fold
Answer: d) Asymmetrical fold Solution: Asymmetrical fold is based on limb dip variation, not depth behaviour.
Isogans converge inwards in class 1 folds. a) True
b) False
Answer: a) True Solution: Class I folds show inward convergence of isogans indicating layer thickness variation.
Where can folds be observed in the southern part of India? a) Vindhyan region only
b) Satpura region only
c) Vindhyan and Satpura ranges
d) Cannot be observed in southern India
Answer: c) Vindhyan and Satpura ranges Solution: Southern and central regions like Vindhyan & Satpura show folded formations.
Where is the Liddar Valley Anticline situated? a) Kashmir Himalayas
b) Uttarakhand Himalayas
c) Sikkim Himalayas
d) Himachal Pradesh Himalayas
Answer: a) Kashmir Himalayas Solution: Liddar Valley anticline lies in the Kashmir region of the Himalayas.
Which type of classification emphasises on appearance? a) Based on direction of slip
b) Based on apparent movement
c) Based on mode of occurrence
d) Based on amount of dip of the fault
Answer: b) Based on apparent movement
Solution: Apparent movement classification focuses on how faults look (visual displacement).
Type of fault not considered under apparent movement as basis is ___________ a) Normal fault
b) Reverse fault
c) Hinge fault
d) Strike fault
Answer: c) Hinge fault Solution: Hinge faults are not grouped under apparent movement type; they relate to mode of occurrence.
Fault in which hanging wall has apparently moved down with respect to foot wall is ___________ a) Normal fault
b) Reverse fault
c) Strike-slip fault
d) Hinge fault
Answer: a) Normal fault Solution: In normal fault, hanging wall moves downward relative to footwall due to tension.
What do the normal faults cause to the crust of the Earth? a) Shortening of crest
b) Cracking of crest
c) Extension in the crust
d) Strengthening of crust
Answer: c) Extension in the crust Solution: Normal faults form under tension, stretching and extending the crust.
It can be with certainty whether it was the hanging wall which moved down or the foot wall which moved up. a) True
b) False
Answer: b) False Solution: Only relative motion can be judged — absolute movement direction cannot be confirmed always.
Most common angle of normal faults is ___________ a) 30° to 45°
b) 45° to vertical
c) 60° to horizontal
d) 0° to 180°
Answer: a) 30° to 45° Solution: Normal faults generally dip at moderate angles between 30°–45°.
What is the other name for normal faults? a) Uniform faults
b) Hade faults
c) Similar faults
d) Gravity faults
Answer: d) Gravity faults Solution: Normal faults result due to gravity pull on blocks → hence gravity faults.
Alps in an example of which type of fault? a) Graben
b) Horst
c) Hinge fault
d) Vertical fault
Answer: b) Horst Solution: Alps were uplifted as horst blocks between grabens.
Horst and graben are physiographic features of which type of faults? a) Normal faults
b) Reverse faults
c) Thrust faults
d) Strike-slip faults
Answer: a) Normal faults Solution: Horst & graben form due to extension and normal faulting.
The type of fault which appears in such a way that the central wedge appears raised high up with respect to the sides is ___________ a) Graben
b) Horst
c) Nappe
d) Thrust
Answer: b) Horst Solution: In horst formation, the central block is uplifted relative to adjacent blocks.
Block mountains are caused by which type of faults? a) Horst
b) Graben
c) Thrust
d) Nappes
Answer: a) Horst Solution: Uplifted horst blocks form block mountains.
Which fault is the reverse of horst? a) Reverse fault
b) Radial fault
c) Graben
d) Hinge fault
Answer: c) Graben Solution: Graben is a down-dropped block between two faults — opposite of a horst.
Horsts and grabens are believed to occur due to ___________ a) Lateral compression
b) Shear compression
c) Lateral tension
d) Bending
Answer: c) Lateral tension
Solution: Tensional forces pull crust apart, producing uplifted horsts and down-dropped grabens.
Faults involving extensive blocks and resulting in horsts and grabens are called ___________ a) Extensive faults
b) Block faults
c) H-B faults
d) Vertical faults
Answer: b) Block faults Solution: Block faults produce large crustal blocks forming horsts and grabens.
Faults in which the fault plane is vertical and the resulting movement is vertical is ___________ a) Vertical faults
b) Straight faults
c) Reverse faults
d) Enecholon faults
Answer: a) Vertical faults Solution: When fault plane is vertical and motion is vertical, it is termed a vertical fault.
In which fault the hanging wall appears to have moved up with respect to the foot wall? a) Normal fault
b) Reverse fault
c) Hinge fault
d) Radial fault
Answer: b) Reverse fault Solution: In reverse fault, hanging wall moves upward relative to footwall due to compression.
The fault in which the fault plane is generally inclined between 45° and horizontal is ___________ a) Reverse fault
b) Normal fault
c) Strike-slip fault
d) Enechelon fault
Answer: a) Reverse fault Solution: Reverse faults usually have low to moderate dips (often <45° but between 45° & horizontal is characteristic).
What does the reverse fault cause to the crust of the Earth? a) Extension of the crust
b) Strengthening of the crust
c) Weakening of the crust
d) Shortening of the crust
Answer: d) Shortening of the crust Solution: Compression pushes blocks together causing crustal shortening.
Thrust faults belong to which variety of faults? a) Normal faults
b) Reverse faults
c) Strike-slip faults
d) Hinge faults
Answer: b) Reverse faults Solution: Thrust faults are low-angle reverse faults formed due to compression.
What is the fault angle of the thrust faults? a) More than 45°
b) Less than 45°
c) Lesser than 60°
d) More than 90°
Answer: b) Less than 45° Solution: Thrust faults have gentle dips, usually less than 45°.
The type of thrust in which the hanging wall seems to have been actively and actually displaced with respect to a passive foot wall is called ___________ a) Under thrust
b) Over thrust
c) Upper thrust
d) Intermediate thrust
Answer: b) Over thrust Solution: In over-thrust, hanging wall moves forward over passive footwall.
Which mountain range presents example of thrust faults? a) The Alps
b) The Andes
c) The Rockies
d) The Himalaya
Answer: d) The Himalaya Solution: Himalayan orogeny is dominated by large-scale thrusting (Main Central & Main Boundary thrusts).
What is the term used for blocks or rocks that have been translated to great distances? a) Thrusts
b) Imbricate structures
c) Nappes
d) Enecholon
Answer: c) Nappes Solution: Nappes are large displaced rock sheets transported tens to hundreds of km.
The term which is studied under faults but also is associated with folding is ___________ a) Nappes
b) Thrusts
c) Radial fault
d) Graben
Answer: a) Nappes Solution: Nappes form through thrusting but display fold-like overturned geometry.
The phenomenon not associated with imbricate structures is ___________ a) Series of thrust blocks occur in close proximity
b) Thrust blocks are piled up one above another
c) All fault surfaces dip in the same direction
d) Thrust blocks aren’t piled up one above another
Answer: d) Thrust blocks aren’t piled up one above another
Solution: Imbricate structures consist of closely spaced thrust slices stacked/overlapped in same dip direction.
In the Himalayan Mountains, many well defined nappe zones have been recognized. a) True
b) False
Answer: a) True Solution: Himalayas contain well-developed nappes like Vaikrita, Tethyan, etc.
Most common term used for strike-slip faults is ___________ a) Slip fault
b) Transform fault
c) Translational fault
d) Hinge fault
Answer: b) Transform fault Solution: Strike-slip faults with horizontal displacement are widely known as transform faults especially along plate boundaries.
The type of fault where the faulted blocks have been moved against each other in horizontal direction is ___________ a) Reverse fault
b) Hinge fault
c) Strike-slip fault
d) Vertical fault
Answer: c) Strike-slip fault Solution: Strike-slip faults involve horizontal motion parallel to strike.
Which fault is developed in oceanic ridges? a) Wrench faults
b) Transform faults
c) Lateral faults
d) Transverse faults
Answer: b) Transform faults Solution: Mid-ocean ridges are offset by transform (strike-slip) faults accommodating lateral motion.
San Andres fault is the best example of which type of fault? a) Strike-slip fault
b) Vertical fault
c) Normal fault
d) Reverse fault
Answer: a) Strike-slip fault Solution: San Andreas Fault (USA) is a major right-lateral strike-slip plate boundary.
Identify the type of fault from the figure below. a) Vertical fault
b) Reverse fault
c) Strike-slip fault
d) Hinge fault
Answer: c) Strike-slip fault Solution: The diagram (horizontal displacement) typically represents a strike-slip movement.
If the left block appears to have moved towards the observer, then which type of fault does it belong to? a) Left-handed fault
b) Right-handed fault
c) Enecholon fault
d) Radial fault
Answer: a) Left-handed fault Solution: If left block moves toward observer or towards viewer direction → left-lateral (left-handed) fault.
What are pivotal faults called as? a) Reverse faults
b) Radial faults
c) Hinge faults
d) Normal faults
Answer: c) Hinge faults Solution: Hinge faults act as pivot lines allowing rotation around hinge → hence pivotal faults.
The movement of blocks in hinge faults is ___________ a) Translational
b) Rotational
c) Lateral
d) Sliding
Answer: b) Rotational Solution: Hinge faults allow rotation of blocks about a pivot rather than simple sliding.
Which is the rare type of fault? a) Vertical fault
b) Reverse fault
c) Thrust fault
d) Hinge fault
Answer: d) Hinge fault Solution: Hinge faults are uncommon compared to normal, thrust and strike-slip faults.
What is the displacement range of strata in San Andres fault? a) 10 km to 100 km
b) 20 km to 80 km
c) 50 km to 200 km
d) 100 km to 500 km
Answer: c) 50 km to 200 km Solution: Geophysical data shows total displacement along San Andreas Fault to be ~150 km on average.
The fault not belonging to the classification of fault with the attitude of fault as basis ___________ a) Heave fault
b) Strike fault
c) Dip fault
d) Oblique fault
Answer: a) Heave fault
Solution: Attitude-based faults include strike, dip & oblique — heave relates to displacement magnitude, not attitude.
Faults that are developed along bedding planes are ___________ a) Strike faults
b) Dip faults
c) Bedding faults
d) Hade faults
Answer: c) Bedding faults Solution: Bedding faults follow stratification planes parallel to bedding.
The fault where fault strike is parallel to the dip of the layers broken and disrupted by the fault? a) Dip faults
b) Strike faults
c) Oblique faults
d) Hade faults
Answer: a) Dip faults Solution: In dip faults, movement occurs parallel to dip direction of rock layers.
The fault which is also called a diagonal fault is ___________ a) Wrench fault
b) Transform fault
c) Oblique fault
d) Dip fault
Answer: c) Oblique fault Solution: Oblique faults combine strike & dip movement — also termed diagonal faults.
The type of fault which is observed in both continental and oceanic environment is ___________ a) Strike-slip fault
b) Dip fault
c) Oblique fault
d) Wrench fault
Answer: a) Strike-slip fault Solution: Strike-slip/transform faults exist extensively along continental margins & oceanic ridges.
Which is the type of strike-slip fault in which the fault plane has developed transverse to the regional structure? a) Transform fault
b) Wrench fault
c) Translational fault
d) Tear fault
Answer: d) Tear fault Solution: Tear faults are strike-slip but oriented transverse to regional trends.
Transverse fault is the other name for __________ fault. a) Transform fault
b) Tear fault
c) Wrench fault
d) Normal fault
Answer: b) Tear fault Solution: Tear faults cut across regional structure → hence transverse fault.
Where do the transform faults occur extensively? a) Continental blocks
b) Oceanic ridges
c) Island blocks
d) Volcanic ridges
Answer: b) Oceanic ridges Solution: Mid-ocean ridges are segmented by transform faults.
Identify the group of small sized faults from the following. a) Parallel faults
b) Enechelon faults
c) Peripheral faults
d) Radial faults
Answer: b) Enechelon faults Solution: En-echelon faults are short, step-like, staggered small-scale faults.
Group of faults which appear emerging outward from a common central region are called ___________ a) Enechelon faults
b) Parallel faults
c) Peripheral faults
d) Radial faults
Answer: d) Radial faults Solution: Radial faults spread outward like spokes from a center.
Parallel can sometimes lead to step faults. a) True
b) False
Answer: a) True Solution: Parallel faults at close spacing may develop step-like block displacement.
The type of fault not belonging to the classification based on the mode of occurrence is ___________ a) Parallel fault
b) Peripheral fault
c) Enechelon fault
d) Wrench fault
Answer: d) Wrench fault Solution: Wrench/strike-slip faults are classified by movement type, not by occurrence arrangement.
What is the depth of focus in the shallow earthquakes? a) Up to 100 km
b) Up to 200 km
c) Up to 60 km
d) Up to 150 km
Answer: c) Up to 60 km Solution: Shallow earthquakes have focal depth ≤ 60 km.
How many types on the basis of depth of focus are present? a) 1
b) 3
c) 2
d) 4
Answer: b) 3 Solution: Earthquakes based on focus depth → shallow, intermediate, deep.
60 – 300 km focus distance is seen in which type of earthquake? a) Shallow earthquake
b) Intermediate earthquake
c) Deep seated earthquake
d) Tertiary earthquake
Answer: b) Intermediate earthquake Solution: Intermediate-focus earthquakes range between 60–300 km depth.
The type of earthquake very rare in occurrence is __________ a) Shallow earthquake
b) Intermediate earthquake
c) Deep seated earthquake
d) Tertiary earthquake
Answer: c) Deep seated earthquake Solution: Deep-focus (>300 km) quakes rarely occur compared to shallow.
Which class of earthquakes are most destructive? a) Class A
b) Class B
c) Class D
d) Class E
Answer: a) Class A Solution: Class A (magnitude >7 on Richter) are major & most destructive.
How many types of earthquakes are classified based on the cause of origin? a) 1
b) 3
c) 4
d) 2
Answer: b) 3 Solution: Earthquakes origin types → tectonic, volcanic & artificial.
Which earthquake is caused due to faulting or relative displacements of blocks of the crust of the earth along rupture planes? a) Tectonic earthquakes
b) Shallow earthquakes
c) Class-A earthquakes
d) Non-tectonic earthquakes
Answer: a) Tectonic earthquakes Solution: Most earthquakes result from crustal fault movement → tectonic.
Earthquakes originating due to volcanic eruptions or landslides are called __________ a) Tectonic earthquakes
b) Shallow earthquakes
c) Class-A earthquakes
d) Non-tectonic earthquakes
Answer: d) Non-tectonic earthquakes Solution: Earthquakes not from faulting (volcanic, landslide-induced) are non-tectonic.
The number of classes of earthquakes based on magnitude of Ritcher scale are __________ a) 2
b) 5
c) 4
d) 6
Answer: b) 5 Solution: Based on magnitude → Micro, Minor, Moderate, Major, Great (5 classes).
The shallow earthquakes occur very rare. a) True
b) False
Answer: b) False Solution: Shallow focus earthquakes are most frequent and most damaging.
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