Evolution of Management Notes & 25 MCQs for DGMS First & Second Class Exams Preparing for the DGMS First Class and Second Class Manager Exams?
One of the most important topics in the management syllabus is the Evolution of Management. From Taylor’s Scientific Management and Fayol’s 14 Principles to Mayo’s Hawthorne Studies, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, and modern Systems & Contingency approaches –
this guide covers everything you need. We have also included 25 solved MCQs with answers to help you practice and revise effectively.
Introduction to Management Definition: Efficient utilization of the 6Ms – Men, Money, Materials, Machines, Methods, Markets – to achieve objectives. Key Thinkers’ Definitions:
- George R. Terry → Planning, organizing, actuating, controlling.
- Henri Fayol → Forecast, plan, organize, command, coordinate, control.
- Peter Drucker → Management as a multi-purpose organ.
- Harold Koontz → “Getting things done through people.”
Need for Management: Provides direction, ensures coordination, aids communication, motivates employees, stabilizes business.
Characteristics: Social process, action-oriented, universal, both art & science, dynamic.
Functions of Management - PODSiCoRC: Planning, Organizing, Directing, Staffing, Coordinating, Controlling, Motivating, Communicating.
- Luther Gulick’s POSDCORB: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting.
Evolution of Management Theories Classical Theory (1900s) 🔹 Focus: Efficiency, productivity, structure.
- Scientific Management (F.W. Taylor)
- Techniques: Time Study, Motion Study (Gilbreths), Fatigue Study, Differential Piece Wage System.
- Contributions: Standardization, scientific selection, separation of planning from doing.
- Criticism: Ignored human side, mechanical view, risk of exploitation.
- Bureaucratic Management (Max Weber)
- Features: Division of labor, hierarchy, rules, merit-based selection, impersonal conduct, written records.
- Pros: Consistency, fairness, scalability.
- Cons: Rigid, stifles creativity, ignores informal groups.
- Administrative Management (Henri Fayol)
- 14 Principles (Unity of Command, Division of Work, Initiative, Esprit de Corps, etc.)
- Functions: Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, Controlling.
- Known as Father of Modern Management.
Neo-Classical Theory (1930s onwards)
🔹
Focus: Human relations, behavior, motivation. - Human Relations Approach (Elton Mayo)
- Hawthorne Studies (1924–32) → Productivity improved due to social factors & recognition (“Social Man”).
- Criticism: Overemphasized social, underestimated economic needs.
- Behavioral Sciences Approach
- Applied psychology & sociology in management.
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological → Safety → Social → Esteem → Self-Actualization.
- Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory: Hygiene factors (salary, policy) vs. Motivators (achievement, recognition).
- McGregor’s Theory X & Y:
- X = Workers lazy, need strict supervision.
- Y = Workers self-motivated, seek responsibility.
Modern Theories (1950s onwards) 🔹 Focus: Analytical, adaptive, flexible approaches.
- Quantitative Approach: Use of mathematics, operations research, simulation, statistical models.
- Systems Approach: Organization as interrelated parts; synergy, feedback, open system.
- Contingency Approach: No universal rule; management depends on environment, technology, leadership style.
Key Management Thinkers - Taylor → Scientific Management, “Mental Revolution.”
- Weber → Bureaucracy.
- Fayol → 14 Principles & 5 Functions.
- Mayo → Human Relations, Hawthorne Studies.
- Maslow → Hierarchy of Needs.
- Herzberg → Two-Factor Theory.
- McGregor → Theory X & Y.
- Gantt → Gantt Chart.
Comparison – Classical vs. Neo-Classical Approaches | Aspect | Classical | Neo-Classical |
| Focus | Job & efficiency | Human & social needs |
| Example | Time & Motion Study (Taylor) | Hawthorne Studies (Mayo) |
| Emphasis | Productivity, structure | Motivation, group behavior |
Historical Context of Management
- Ancient: Pyramids of Egypt, Roman aqueducts, Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Sun Tzu’s Art of War.
- Industrial Revolution: Large-scale production → need for formal theories.
- Modern: Adam Smith (Division of Labor), steam engine, technological growth.
Exam-Oriented Insights (DGMS Focus) - Repeated Questions: Taylor’s Scientific Management, Fayol’s Principles, Mayo’s Hawthorne Studies.
- Scoring Topics: Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor, Systems & Contingency approaches.
- Strategy: Remember timeline (Classical → Neo-Classical → Modern), key principles, criticisms, and applications.
📘 25 MCQs – Evolution of Management (DGMS Exam Special)
1. Who is known as the Father of Scientific Management? A) Henri Fayol
B) Max Weber
C) F.W. Taylor
D) Elton Mayo
E) Peter Drucker
✅
Answer: C) F.W. Taylor 👉 Taylor introduced
time & motion study and principles of scientific management.
2. Which is NOT a core function of management? A) Planning
B) Organizing
C) Staffing
D) Marketing
E) Controlling
✅
Answer: D) Marketing 👉 Traditional functions = Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Controlling.
3. Henri Fayol is called: A) Father of Scientific Management
B) Father of Modern Management
C) Father of Bureaucracy
D) Father of Human Relations
E) Father of Decision Theory
✅
Answer: B) Father of Modern Management 👉 Fayol gave 14 principles and 5 functions of management.
4. Max Weber’s Bureaucracy emphasizes: A) Informal relations
B) Personalized rules
C) Hierarchy & rules
D) Flexibility
E) Creativity
✅
Answer: C) Hierarchy & rules 👉 Weber’s bureaucracy = structure, fairness, impersonality.
5. Which studies are associated with Elton Mayo? A) Time Study
B) Motion Study
C) Hawthorne Studies
D) Fatigue Study
E) Decision Theory
✅
Answer: C) Hawthorne Studies 👉 Showed productivity improved due to social & psychological factors.
6. “Mental Revolution” is given by: A) Fayol
B) Taylor
C) Weber
D) Mayo
E) Maslow
✅
Answer: B) Taylor 👉 Cooperation between workers and management.
7. Which of the following is NOT a Fayol principle? A) Unity of Command
B) Equity
C) Division of Work
D) Differential Wage System
E) Esprit de Corps
✅
Answer: D) Differential Wage System 👉 Belongs to Taylor’s Scientific Management.
8. In Maslow’s Hierarchy, the highest need is: A) Safety
B) Esteem
C) Physiological
D) Self-actualization
E) Social
✅
Answer: D) Self-actualization 👉 Growth, creativity, personal fulfillment.
9. In Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, which is a motivator? A) Salary
B) Recognition
C) Company Policy
D) Working Conditions
E) Supervision
✅
Answer: B) Recognition 👉 Motivators = Achievement, recognition, growth.
10. Theory X assumes workers are: A) Lazy & need control
B) Creative & responsible
C) Motivated by growth
D) Self-directed
E) Always efficient
✅
Answer: A) Lazy & need control 👉 Theory X = authoritarian assumption.
11. POSDCORB was proposed by: A) Koontz
B) Fayol
C) Luther Gulick
D) Drucker
E) Mayo
✅
Answer: C) Luther Gulick 👉 Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting.
12. Systems Approach views organization as: A) Closed & independent
B) Informal group
C) Open system with feedback
D) Hierarchy only
E) Social club
✅
Answer: C) Open system with feedback 👉 Emphasizes synergy and interdependence.
13. Contingency Theory suggests: A) One best way
B) Depends on situation
C) Workers only motivated by money
D) Bureaucracy is universal
E) Motivation is irrelevant
✅
Answer: B) Depends on situation 👉 Leadership & management vary with context.
14. Who developed the Gantt Chart? A) Taylor
B) Frank Gilbreth
C) Henry L. Gantt
D) Mayo
E) Weber
✅
Answer: C) Henry L. Gantt 👉 For project planning & scheduling.
15. Motion Study was developed by: A) Taylor
B) Fayol
C) Weber
D) Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
E) Drucker
✅
Answer: D) Frank & Lillian Gilbreth 👉 To eliminate wasteful movements.
16. Which theory distinguishes between Hygiene & Motivators? A) Theory X & Y
B) Scientific Mgmt
C) Bureaucracy
D) Herzberg’s Two-Factor
E) Contingency
✅
Answer: D) Herzberg’s Two-Factor 👉 Hygiene = prevents dissatisfaction; Motivators = satisfaction.
17. A major criticism of Bureaucracy is: A) Improves fairness
B) Too rigid & kills creativity
C) Encourages merit
D) Improves consistency
E) Enhances stability
✅
Answer: B) Too rigid & kills creativity
18. “Unity of Command” means: A) One boss per employee
B) One plan for one activity
C) Centralization
D) Authority is shared
E) Multiple supervisors
✅
Answer: A) One boss per employee 👉 Avoids confusion in authority.
19. In Maslow’s theory, after safety needs comes: A) Esteem
B) Social
C) Self-actualization
D) Physiological
E) Motivation
✅
Answer: B) Social 👉 Love, belonging, relationships.
20. Quantitative Approach mainly uses: A) Human psychology
B) Bureaucracy
C) Mathematics & OR
D) Hawthorne Experiments
E) Fayol’s Principles
✅
Answer: C) Mathematics & OR 👉 Tools = linear programming, simulation, statistics.
21. Who said “Management is a multi-purpose organ”? A) Fayol
B) Drucker
C) Koontz
D) Weber
E) Terry
✅
Answer: B) Drucker 👉 Peter Drucker, Father of modern management practices.
22. Who defined management as “Planning, Organizing, Actuating & Controlling”? A) Fayol
B) George Terry
C) Koontz
D) Drucker
E) Mayo
✅
Answer: B) George Terry
23. “Esprit de Corps” refers to: A) Unity of command
B) Fair treatment
C) Team spirit
D) Central authority
E) Worker discipline
✅
Answer: C) Team spirit 👉 One of Fayol’s 14 principles.
24. “Bounded Rationality” was proposed by: A) Taylor
B) Fayol
C) Herbert Simon
D) Mayo
E) Koontz
✅
Answer: C) Herbert Simon 👉 Decision-making is limited by available info & human capacity.
25. Which approach emphasizes feedback? A) Scientific Management
B) Systems Approach
C) Human Relations
D) Bureaucracy
E) Contingency
✅
Answer: B) Systems Approach 👉 Feedback ensures balance and adaptability.
Conclusion & DGMS Exam Strategy - Management theories evolved from structure-focused to human-focused to flexible approaches.
- DGMS exams often test thinkers, principles, functions, and differences.
- Focus on Taylor, Fayol, Hawthorne, Maslow, Herzberg, Contingency & Systems for scoring.
- Don’t just memorize – understand application to mining enterprises.
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